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Level National
Plastic types Microplastics
Funding source UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)
Project cost 1.713.537,52 EUR
Period January 2019 - January 2024
Geographical area Europe
Categories Coastal and Marine Environment Ecosystems and Biodiversity Consumer Products Wastewater Treatment Environmental Distribution Environmental Science Degradation
Tags plastispheres microbes maritime
Project partners
  • University of Warwick - United Kingdom,
  • Bangor University - United Kingdom,
  • University of Helsinki - Finland
Description

The most abundant form of litter in the marine environment is plastic, and the negative and detrimental consequences of plastic debris on fish, reptiles, birds and mammals are well documented. The hard surface of waterborne plastic provides an ideal environment for the formation of biofilm for opportunistic microbial colonisers; however, our knowledge of how microorganisms interact with microplastics and alter the dispersal behaviour of marine plastics in the environment is a significant research gap. Biofilm at the interface between the plastic surface and the environment has been termed the 'Plastisphere', and although plastics are extremely resistant to decay, variability in composition determines their specific buoyancy and surface rugosity, which will dictate the extent of microbial colonisation and their ability for long distance dispersal. Furthermore, because plastic debris can persist in the marine environment longer than natural substrates, e.g. feathers and wood, it offers an opportunity for the wider dissemination of pathogenic and harmful microorganisms. Microplastics from clothes, cosmetics and sanitary products are now common constituents of sewage systems and they frequently bypass the screening mechanisms designed to remove larger waste items from being exported to coastal waters. Microplastics entering aquatic systems from waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) come in close contact with human faeces, hence providing significant opportunity for colonisation by faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) and a range of human bacterial pathogens. Importantly however, there have never been any studies investigating the ability of enteric viruses binding to microplastics (or binding to the biofilm on the plastic surface), and this now needs critical evaluation in order to understand this potentially novel mechanism for the environmental dispersal of enteric viruses. Furthermore, there is growing evidence that the plastisphere can promote gene exchange, and so determining the potential of plastisphere biofilms for providing the surface for anti-microbial resistance (AMR) gene transfer is of the utmost importance. There is currently a lack of fundamental understanding about the mechanisms by which microorganisms, particularly pathogenic bacteria and viruses, can "hitchhike" on microplastic particles and be transported to beaches, bathing waters, shellfish harvesting waters and high benthic diversity zones. Consequently, it is not yet possible to determine the risk from these potential pathways, or establish environmental monitoring guidelines for informing future policy or environmental regulation. Therefore, the novelty of this project is to quantify the processes that are occurring within the plastisphere, and understand the potential for the vectoring of pathogenic viruses and bacteria. Previous research on chemical co-pollutants present on plastics often fails to consider the likely impacts of plastisphere communities. Microplastics in the environment are potential vectors for these chemicals, which often desorb when ingested by marine species, and can accumulate in the food chain. Microbes in the plastisphere may either mitigate this problem through biodegradation, or enhance it by increased biofilm binding; however, most laboratory-based studies are carried out with pristine non-colonised plastics, and ignore the pivotal role the plastisphere plays on defining the risk of microplastics in the environment. By understanding the multi-pollutant and multi-scale effects of microplastics, the "Plastic Vectors Project" will help to establish a more accurate risk assessment of microplastics by taking into consideration the effects of harmful plastic-associated microbes together with chemical co-pollutants. Therefore, the "Plastic Vectors Project" aims to quantify the significance and function of microbes in the 'plastisphere', and will deliver feasible solutions for reducing these multi-pollutant risks.

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Knowledge Gaps

Degradation

Environmental fate and behavior of plastic

Environmental effects and ecotoxicity

Human toxicity

Human and environmental exposure test methods

Bioaccumulation, bioconcentration and persistence

Biological processes and biotic interactions with plastic

Characteristics of plastic-general

Chronic or long-term effects, multiple forms and/or sources

Reproductive and teratogenic effects

Environmental exposure

Occupational exposure

Unspecific uncertainties

Effects assessment-general

Bioaccumulation and biomagnification

Consumer exposure

Translocation within an organism

Fate and behavior within an organism

Species and individual susceptibility

Tools to limit release

Human and environmental effects and toxicity test methods

Bioaccumulation and persistence test methods

Testing considerations-general

Dose-response relationship

Monitoring and detection equipment

Monitoring exposure methods

Extrapolation of data

Genotoxicity

Bioavailability exposure test methods

Cellular uptake of plastic

Environmental risk assessment (ERA)

Toxicokinetics, toxicodynamics and metabolism (ADME)

Characterization test methods

Exposure assessment-general

Publications

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